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Background: Dexamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid similar to cortisol produced naturally by the adrenal glands. As an anti- inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, it is used in many diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and allergic anaphylactic shock, and its suppression test to diagnose Cushing's syndrome. Its further use includes its administration before antibiotics in bacterial meningitis, antitumor treatment, for treatment of glucocorticoid resistance, Addison抯 disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The drug is abused by using it in animal husbandry as a growth promoter and in horse sports to enhance their performance. Methods: In this study, the development of homologous ELISA using Dexamethasone-21-hemisuccinate (DEX-21-HS)-Bovine serum albumin antiserum and Dexamethasone-21-hemisuccinate (DEX-21-HS)-Horseradish peroxidase enzyme conjugate has been done. The n-hydroxysuccinimide ester method was used to prepare the immunogen and enzyme conjugate. Results: The sensitivity 0.25 ng/mL, affinity 2.8x10-8 L/mol and ED50 4.98 ng/mL of the assay were found. The cross-reactivity of the assay was checked and found with three steroids (Corticosterone- 1.13%, Progesterone- 2.25% and Prednisolone- 6.3%) out of 48 structurally related steroids. Then, analytical variables of the developed assay were studied, such as recovery (98.55% to 105.08%), precision (Inter and Intra- assay coefficient of variation <9.28%), correlation (R2= 0.98) by utilizing a commercially available Dexamethasone kit for comparison. Conclusion: This study concluded that low-cost indigenous ELISA for Dexamethasone had been developed, which can give results within 75-80 minutes.
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Objective: To compare the risk of early childhood obesity (BMI zscore of ?+2SD) among children of more than 7 years of age with a birth weight of more than 3500 g to a birth weight of 2500- 2999 g. Methods: Retrospective birth cohort study among children of 7 to 10 years of age in 22 villages of Himachal Pradesh with notexposed (birth weight: 2500 to 2999 g) and exposed (> 3500 g) group. Results: A total of 379 and 377 participants were enrolled in notexposed and exposed group, respectively. Adjusted relative risk (aRR) between exposed and high BMI (>+2SD) was 4.9 (95%CI: 1.3-17.5) adjusted for mean age, gender, mean years of schooling, consumption of butter, fruits, vegetables, and indoor playing. Conclusion: High birth weight (>3500 g) increases and normal birth weight decreases the risk of childhood obesity up to five times in rural India.
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Background & objectives: The role of mosquitoes is instrumental in the transmission of various diseases. Mosquitoeborne diseases account for a significant share of the global burden of total infectious diseases. Vector control is the principal method for the control of these mosquito-borne diseases. Plant-derived insecticides serve as an effective alternative to chemical insecticides. The present study has been undertaken to assess the larvicidal potential of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of leaves of Solanum xanthocarpum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Manihot esculenta, and Chamaecyparis obtusa. Methods: Larvicidal activity was tested against the early four-stage instar larvae of laboratory-reared susceptible strains of the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti, and the lymphatic filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus at 20 to 120 ppm concentrations. Further, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses were carried out to identify the bioactive compounds present in the methanolic leaf extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum for designing a larvicidal product in future. Results: After 72 h of exposure high larvicidal activities were observed in methanolic and petroleum ether leaves extract of S. xanthocarpum against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The larvicidal activities for methanol and petroleum ether leaf extract of S. xanthocarpum with LC50 = 09.201 and 12.435 ppm and LC90 = 21.578 and 27.418 ppm for An. stephensi; LC50 = 11.450 and 10.026 ppm and LC90 = 26.328 and 22.632 ppm for Ae. aegypti and LC50 = 12.962 and 13.325 ppm and LC90 = 26.731 and 30.409 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, were found to be most effective. GC-MS analysis revealed 43 compounds, amongst these phytol (13.09%), 3-allyl-2- methoxy phenol (9.55%), (9Z, 12Z)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl chloride (7.93%), linoleic acid (5.45%), alpha-tocospiro B (5.08%) and hexadecanoic acid (4.35%) were identified as major compounds. Interpretation & conclusion: Present work showed that leaf extracts of S. xanthocarpum are a source of potential natural candidate that possess several phytochemicals which can be explored further for the development of ecologically safer mosquito control products.
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Purpose: To evaluate and correlate corneal endothelium parameters with the severity of primary glaucoma. Methods: This prospective case?control study was conducted on 150 eyes of 80 newly diagnosed primary open?angle glaucoma (POAG), chronic primary angle?closure glaucoma (cPACG), and normal?tension glaucoma (NTG) patients in a tertiary care center. Endothelial parameters including endothelial cell count (ECC), percentage of hexagonal cells, and coefficient of variation of cell size were analyzed. Glaucoma cases were further sub?grouped into early, moderate, and severe glaucoma and compared for endothelial parameters. Chi?square, Fischer’s exact test, independent sample t?test, and analysis of variance were performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 28. Results: The ECC was markedly reduced in cases (2281 cells/mm2) versus controls (2611 cells/mm2) (P < 0.001). The POAG (2251 cells/mm2) and cPACG (2287 cells/mm2) eyes had significantly a lower ECC compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001), whereas NTG eyes had a lower mean ECC (2538 cells/mm2), but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) when compared with controls. The ECC decreased with an increase in severity as patients with early glaucoma had an ECC of 2284 cells/mm2, moderate 2261 cells/mm2, and severe 2086 cells/mm2, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: A significant decrease in corneal ECC was observed in POAG and cPACG patients when compared with healthy controls of the same age group. Mechanical damage following an elevated intra?ocular pressure for a longer duration may be attributed to morphological and consequent functional damage to endothelial cells.
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BACKGROUND Medical educators in India made rapid adjustments to maintain continuity and integrity of medical education in the midst of disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there are concerns regarding achievement of competence by undergraduate medical students due to inadequate clinical exposure. We explored the focus of initiatives from medical educators in India by a scoping review of published articles on developments in medical education during the pandemic to map concepts, main sources and the literature available in PubMed. METHODS We did this scoping review of published articles in PubMed database in four steps: (i) identification of research questions; (ii) identification of relevant studies; (iii) selection of studies meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, and charting of data; and (iv) collating the summary and reporting of results. Manual content analysis was done to derive frequencies of variables. RESULTS Of the 52 articles identified, 22 met the requirements. Most studies (68.2%) were published in 2020. Half of the studies were conducted among undergraduate students and the remaining among postgraduates (27.3%), faculty (18.2%) and interns (4.5%). All the studies were evaluations at Kirkpatrick level-1 (18; 81.8%) and level-2 (4; 18.2%). Most of the studies (9, 41%) focused on exploration of perspectives about online learning among students and faculty, 9 (27.3%) on teaching– learning, 4 (18.2%) on formative assessment and 3 (13.6%) on summative assessment. CONCLUSIONS Most studies were evaluations at Kirkpatrick level-1 and level-2 among undergraduate medical students with a focus on conceptual understanding.
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Background & objectives: Mosquitoes are insects of public health importance that act as a vector to transmit various vector-borne diseases in humans including dengue, malaria, filariasis and yellow fever. The continually employed synthetic insecticides have developed resistance in mosquitoes. Nano-based botanical insecticides can be considered as the best alternative due to several advantages like being simple, non-pathogenic, biodegradable and safe to the environment. The present work reported the maximum larvicidal potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the leaf extract of Solanum xanthoearpum against the third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus over its crude leaf extract. Methods: The synthesis of AgNPs was done by adding leaf extract into silver nitrate solution in a conical flask. The characterization of AgNPs was done using different techniques such as UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS and SAED. FT-IR analysis was done to find out the compound responsible for bio-reduction of silver nitrate. Larvicidal activity of AgNPs was checked against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus according to WHO standard protocol and toxicity was evaluated against Poecilia reticulate. Results: A change in colour was observed indicating the synthesis of AgNPs which was further confirmed by a strong surface plasmon resonance peak at 421nm under the UV-Vis spectrum. SEM and TEM micrographs exhibited that the most common shape of AgNPs was spherical. XRD spectrum showed crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of various functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl which might be responsible for bio-reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. Further, silver nanoparticles were very effective against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.90, 2.36, 2.93, 3.82, 4.31 and 7.63 ppm, respectively, as compared to aqueous leaf extract after 72 h of exposure and were non-toxic against non-target organism P. retieulata. Interpretation & eonelusion: From the above finding, it can be concluded that fabricated AgNPs can be promising eco-friendly tools for controlling mosquito vectors.
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Background: A massive global human disaster has been created by a recent contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The most effective way of controlling infectious diseases is often vaccination. Public vaccine hesitancy is a big problem for public health authorities. Present study was designed to assess the attitudes and hesitancy toward Covid -19 vaccine among healthcare workers and medical students of RUHS-College of Medical Sciences. Material and methods: It was an observational, questionnaire-based study carried out under the department of Pharmacology, RUHS-college of medical sciences Jaipur. The study tool was consists of a digital questionnaire which was prepared in English language. Result: The present study was carried out among 521 health care workers. In this study 48.9% participants were completely agree 31.9% somewhat agree, 13.6% neutral,3.5% somewhat disagree and 2.1% completely disagree to accept covid-19 vaccine without prior employer recommendation. After employer recommendation covid-19 vaccine acceptance was increased. Now 54% participants were completely agree to accept covid-19 vaccine. Hesitancy to covid-19 vaccine was maximal due to possible side effects (65.5%). Conclusions: Acceptability of vaccination in our participants was increased after awareness to vaccine. So by increasing awareness for acceptance of covid-19 vaccine, we can prevent mass rejection of covid-19 vaccine in general population during vaccination program. Vaccine hesitancy must be addressed for successful implementation of covid-19 vaccination program in future
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Background & objectives: Serology testing is essential for immunological surveillance in the population. This serosurvey was conducted to ascertain the cumulative population immunity against SARS-CoV-2 among adults in Jammu district and to understand the association of seropositivity with sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Methods: On September 30 and October 1, 2020, a household survey was done in 20 villages/wards chosen from 10 health blocks in district Jammu, India. Demographic, clinical and exposure information was collected from 2000 adults. Serum samples were screened for IgG antibodies using COVID Kavach MERILISA kit. Tests of association were used to identify risk factors associated with IgG positivity. Crude odds ratio with 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated during univariate analysis followed by logistic regression. Results: Overall adjusted seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 was 8.8 per cent (95% CI: 8.78-8.82); it varied from 4.1 per cent in Chauki choura to 16.7 per cent Pallanwalla across 10 blocks in the district. Seropositivity was observed to be comparatively higher in 41-50 and 61-70 yr age groups, among males and in rural areas. Fever, sore throat, cough, dyspnoea, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, fatigue, seizures, history of exposure, medical consultation, hospitalization and missing work showed significant association with seropositivity on univariate analysis. On logistic regression, only sore throat, myalgia and missing work showed significant adjusted odds of IgG positivity. Extrapolation to adult population suggested that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was 14.4 times higher than reported cases, translating into Infection fatality rate of 0.08 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: Since a major part of population was immunologically naive, all efforts to contain COVID-19 need to be vigorously followed while these baseline results provide an important yardstick to monitor the trends of COVID-19 and guide locally appropriate control strategies in the region
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Background & objectives: Despite significant resources being spent on National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), there are meagre published data on health system cost upon its implementation. Hence, the present study estimated the annual and unit cost of different services delivered under NVBDCP in North India. Methodology: Economic cost of implementing NVBDCP was estimated based on data collected from three North Indian States, i.e. Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Multistage stratified random sampling was used for selecting health facilities across each level [i.e. subcentres (SCs), Primary Health Centres (PHCs), community health centres (CHCs) and district malaria office (DMO)] from the selected States. Data on annual consumption of both capital and recurrent resources were assessed from each of the selected facilities following bottom-up costing approach. Capital items (equipment, vehicles and furniture) were annualized over average life span using a discount rate of 3 per cent. The mean annual cost of implementation of NVBDCP was estimated for each level along with unit cost. Results: The mean annual cost of implementing NVBDCP at the level of SC, PHC and CHC and DMO was ? 230,420 (199,523-264,901), 686,962 (482,637-886,313), 1.2 million (0.9-1.5 million) and 9.1 million (4.6-13.5 million), respectively. Per capita cost for the provision of complete package of services under NVBDCP was ? 45 (37-54), 48 (29-73), 10 (6-14) and 47 (31-62) at the level of SC, PHC, CHC and DMO level, respectively. The per capita cost was higher in Himachal Pradesh (HP) at SC [? 69 (52-85)] and CHC [? 20.8 (20.7-20.8)] level and in Punjab at PHC level [? 89 (49-132)] as compared to other States. Interpretation & conclusions: The evidence on cost of NVBDCP can be used to undertake future economic evaluations which could serve as a basis for allocating resources efficiently, policy development as well as future planning for scale up of services.
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The median cubital vein, connecting the basilic and cephalic veins in the cubital fossa, is used for routine clinical procedures such as phlebotomy, insertion of intravenous cannulas, critical investigations, cardiac angiography and stent placement. Numerous variations regarding the arrange- ment of the median cubital vein are mentioned in the literature, such as classical or N-type, M-type, I-type, absence of cephalic vein in the arm, doubled median cubital vein, median cubital vein as the venous arch. In majority of the population either classical type or N-type variation has been documented. Significant percentage of the population have an absence of median cubital vein, replaced by the median cephalic and median basilic veins. Geographical differences in frequencies of variations of the median cubital vein have also been documented. In the background of the clinical utility, it rises paramount importance for medical personnel to know about the anatomical variations of the cubital vein. Lack of awareness would incur needless harm and suffering to the patient and delay investigation and treatment modalities. Therefore, we intend to do a comprehensive review of the variations in the median cubital vein.
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CoNS when exposed to repeated or prolonged treatment with mupirocin ointment, may become a reservoir of high-level resistance determinants and then pass on this resistance to S. aureus. CoNS usually tends to be reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance factors, hence they generally lead to recurrence of multi-drug resistance. Hence, it is imperative to identify and discriminate the strains of S. aureus and CoNS. We wanted to analyse mupirocin resistance in coagulase negative Staphylococcus isolated from a rural population. METHODSThis study was performed in the Department of Microbiology, SMCH (Ghaziabad) among indoor as well as OPD patients of a tertiary care hospital. All coagulase negative Staphylococcus strains were taken from patient’s clinical specimens visiting the OPD or from patients getting treatment from the hospital. CoNS were identified by standard biochemical tests. An inhibition zonal area < 21 mm was considered as resistant. RESULTSMupirocin resistance was found to be 7 % in MRCoNS and 5 % in MSCoNS. MupRH and MupRL were 5 % and 7 % respectively. Only 5 (5 %) isolates showed MIC more than 512 µg / mL as described. CONCLUSIONSIn case of emergence of mupirocin resistance, other decolonization options ought to be considered.
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Context: Head-and-neck cancer (HNC) is a major health problem worldwide and even disproportionately bigger in India. Their diagnosis and treatment create severe impact on the quality of life (QOL). We chose to study such patients because we were already reporting these cancers to the Indian Council of Medical Research as part of project titled “Pattern of care and survival studies.” Aims: The aim of the study is to assess and compare QOL of H and N cancer patients before and after the completion of cancer-directed treatment (CDT). Settings and Design: The present study was a hospital-based study conducted in the tertiary care hospital of Jammu with longitudinal study design. Subjects and Methods: All newly diagnosed HNC patients registered with the Department of Radiotherapy and ENT on inpatient or outpatient basis were included over a period of 6 months. Each patient was followed for 4–6 weeks after the completion of CDT. QOL was assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ C30) (general) and EORTC QLQ H and N-35 (specific) questionnaires. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-test was calculated to compare pre- and postmean scores. Pre- and post-Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was also calculated. Results: The most frequent site was larynx followed by the oral cavity. Regarding both EORTC QLQ C-30 questionnaire and Global health status and EORTC H and N-35 specific questionnaires, the mean scores across all domains showed worsening of QoL from their baseline. The worsening was more severe in emotional function (functional scale), while physical, cognitive, and social functions were comparatively less affected. Pain, swallowing, speech, and mouth problems were most worsened. Conclusions: QoL showed worsening after CDT in all domains due to acute and subacute adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treatment course
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The study aimed to explore the perception and knowledge-gainof undergraduate medical students during the Medical Council ofIndia-mandated one month foundation course in August, 2019. Atotal of 129 consenting students who underwent the foundationcourse were enrolled and their feedback collected using anemail-based structured questionnaire. A majority (>60%) hadpositive attitudes towards various aspects of the course, withgood scores obtained in the post-test by the majority of thestudents. The information reported will assist in the planning offuture foundation course programs
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Background: Mostly, end organ damage becomes the reason for morbidity and mortality among patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) due their chronicity. Derangement of renal function along with brain and heart damage are considered to be a significant problem of NCDs. The objectives of this study were on this background of end stage renal disease (ESRD) as a common complication for common NCDs, present study was planned to study the distribution of responsible NCDs.Methods: Over three-year period, all the cases reported GFR <15ml/min/1.73m2 were studied.Results: Total 100 patients (male:65) were studied with mean age of 51.0±13.0 years. Diabetes mellitus (38.0%), hypertension (28.0%), and glomerulonephritis (16.0%) were three leading cause for ESRD. Idiopathic cause was observed among 12.0% patients. Fifteen percent patients could not survive.Conclusions: NCDs mainly diabetes mellitus and hypertension observed to be most common cause for ESRD.
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Oxidative stress is common when the cellular antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed by the reactive oxygen species generated by the metabolism of pesticides which either inhibit or modulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The present study was made with objective to evaluate the ameliorating potential of Panax ginseng on oxidative stress following subacute exposure to Acetamiprid in rats. Twenty four adult male Wistar rats were divided in four groups comprising six each. Group I served as control and was administered with groundnut oil (1ml/100gm), group II was administered with Acetamiprid (52.5 mg/kg body weight), group III served as Panax ginseng (50 mg/kg body weight) control and in group IV possible ameliorative effect of Panax ginseng was examined against Acetamiprid. Vehicle, Acetamiprid and Panax ginseng were administered daily to the rats orally by gavage for 28 days and animals were sacrificed at the end. Liver, kidney, spleen and brain were processed for determination of oxidative stress related parameters viz: Lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) levels. Acetamiprid produced toxicity which was evident in the form of enhanced lipid peroxidation and decrease in activities of GSH, SOD, catalase and glutathione reductase levels in all the organs examined. Panax ginseng was significantly effective in restoration of these parameters towards normal. Thus, it was concluded that Panax ginseng has ameliorating potential on oxidative stress following subacute exposure to acetamiprid in rats
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The storage stability study was conducted for precooked breast fillets T1 (without post-mortem ageing, T2 (PM ageing for 4 h at room temp) and T3 (PM ageing for 24 h at refrigeration temp). Nutritional profiles were evaluated on 0 day and 15th day of aerobic storage. The samples were also evaluated for physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory parameters at 5 days interval up to 20 days. Moisture content decreased significantly (P≤0.05) from 0 day to 20th day of storage. The overall protein content was significantly lower at 20 day of storage as compared to fresh sample. Fat content showed slight decrease in T1, T2 and T3 during storage period. pH values were increased with the increase of storage intervals but after 10th day onwards the values showed decreasing trends. T3 showed least Warner Bratzler shear force value (W-BSFV) but values were decreased non-significantly. Overall thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were increased with the increase of storage time, and accordingly amongst the different treatments, overall TBARS values in breast fillets were also differed significantly. Peroxide value (PV) showed significantly increasing trends for T1, T2 and T3 with advancement of storage days. Highest overall free fatty acids (FFA) content was observed for T3. T2 and T3 showed significantly higher overall titrable acidity than T1. Titrable acidity range was between 18 to 20%. Changes in microbiological quality were observed with the increase of storage days. However, these only the values of standard plate count (SPC) were much lower than the permissible limits of FSSAI for meat products. However, overall acceptability scores of breast fillets decreased significantly up to 20th day of storage period. The breast fillets of T3 sample had significantly higher overall acceptability score.
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Introduction: IMNCI is an important strategy being implemented across our country in order to improve health worker's performance and also aim to reduce infant & under-five mortality. Training of MBBS students in IMNCI is being carried out at PramukhSwami Medical College, Karamsad since more than 10 years. In present study, quality of forms filled by interns during their posting at Urban Health Training Centre is assessed in terms of completeness & appropriateness. Objectives: To assess & compare completeness & appropriateness of Upto 2 months IMNCI forms of interns of 2012-13 & 2013-14 batch. Method: This was a record based study in which analysis of filled forms of Two MBBS batches was done. Completeness criterion was based on completely filled forms & appropriateness criterion was based on criterion of completely filled correct forms. Results: All available 216 forms were analyzed. Completeness was found in 18.9% (n=20) & 7.3% (n=8) forms of 2012-13 & 2013-14 batch respectively. Appropriateness of forms was 17.9% (n=19) forms of 2012-13 batch & 7.3% (n=8) forms of 2013-14 batch. Conclusion: Completeness & appropriateness was found to be poor, however it was better in the batch who had received training in final year of MBBS.
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Background: Urinoma is an encapsulated collection of extravasated urine, secondary totrauma or obstructive uropathy. Spontaneous bilateral urinoma is rare. Casecharacteristics: 7-year-old boy with cyanotic heart disease and fever of unknown origin.Obeservation: The ultrasound abdomen and CT abdomen revealed bilateral spontaneousurinoma which was aspirated and was found to be infected. Following intravenous atibioticsthe child became afebrile, with subsequent renal scans showing no recurrence. Message:Hypoxia and consequent polycythemia may be responsible for perinephric leaks leading toNon-traumatic spontaneous urinoma.
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Objective: To demonstrate the applications of the principles ofQuality Improvement (QI) in a tertiary-care centre with the aim toimprove the breastfeeding practices during hospital stay.Methods: An operational team was formulated to identify thereasons for low proportion of exclusive breast feeding (EBF) inhealthy neonates. Reason specific solutions were proposed,discussed, prioritized and tested using Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle(PDSA Cycle). Strategies included clear departmental policy planand creation of Breastfeeding support package (BFSP). PDSAcycles were tested and implemented over 6 weeks period and itssustainability was measured monthly for five months duration.Results: After implementation of PDSA cycles, the proportion ofneonates receiving early breastfeeding within one hour of birthincreased from 55% to 95%, and the proportion of neonates onEBF during hospital stay increased from 72% to 98%.Conclusion: Quality Improvement principles are feasible andeffective to improve breastfeeding practices in the hospitalsetting.
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Background and Objective: Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease and a well recognized premalignant condition of oral cavity. The exact pathogenesis is not well established but the cause is believed to be multifactorial. The most commonly used treatment regimen is combination of Hydrocortisone acetate or Triamcinolone Acetonide with hyaluronidase and recently oral Pentoxifylline, but studies of its long term effect are lacking. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the long term effectiveness of afore said drugs. Material & methods: In the present study 60 previously treated patients of OSMF were registered. Out of which 34 patients had received Inj. Hydrocortisone acetate (1.5ml) mixed with Hyaluronidase (1500 I.U.) at weekly interval for 22 weeks, 15 patients had received Inj. Triamcinolone Acetonide (10mg/ml) mixed with Hyaluronidase (1500 I.U.) at biweekly interval for 22 weeks and 11 patients were given Tab Pentoxifylline (Trental) 400mg three times daily for a period of 7 months. Long term outcome was evaluated on the basis of symptom score and sign score. Results: There was statistically significant improvement between long term follow up score and immediate Post-treatment symptom score ( p value < 0.05 ) Interpretation and Conclusion: It was concluded that the improvement in symptoms and signs following treatment increased further or maintained in long term follow up